Most urethane cement floor defects begin at the mixing station, and clear mixing requirements in the specification are the most direct way to control them.
For engineers, architects and owners who specify urethane cement floors, mixing errors are one of the least visible risks to a new installation. A floor can be correctly specified, well prepared and carefully placed, yet still show defects because a batch was split, undermixed or mixed cold. This article covers the common urethane cement mixing errors, what they look like after cure and what to require in the specification, submittals and daily quality control.
Urethane cement, also called polyurethane modified concrete, is a three-component flooring material. Two liquid resin components are combined with a cementitious aggregate component to form a dense, monolithic floor topping.
It is used in food and beverage plants, commercial kitchens and pharmaceutical areas where floors see thermal shock, wash-down and chemical exposure. The proportions are fixed at the factory by kit size, and the working time after mixing is short.
A thin coating that is slightly off-ratio may still cure acceptably. A urethane cement that is off-ratio or poorly blended can show soft spots, color streaks, pinholes, weak bond or a surface that does not reach its intended hardness.
By the time those defects appear, the material is in place and the usual repair is removal. That makes mixing a step to control in the specification rather than leave to field judgment.
Mix time, mixer type and speed, mix sequence and working time all come from the product data sheet and the manufacturer's application guide. These values vary by product, kit size and temperature, so they should be taken from the current documents for the product specified rather than treated as universal numbers.
Specifiers and owners should watch for the following errors:
Urethane cement kits are proportioned to be mixed as complete units. Some manufacturers package larger kits so they can be divided into equal smaller units, but that is a defined procedure in the application guide.
Scooping partial amounts by eye to finish a small area changes the ratio. Soft or discolored spots are a typical result.
When a crew is racing the working time, mixing is often the step that gets shortened. Undermixed material can leave dry aggregate or streaks of unblended resin.
Mixing at the wrong speed or with the wrong paddle can also draw air into the material, which may appear later as pinholes. The goal is a uniform material with no dry aggregate, mixed the same way batch after batch.
Application guides name a specific mixer type, such as a mortar mixer or a slow-speed drill with a particular paddle. Hand mixing is generally not permitted, and a high-speed drill with a paint paddle is not an equivalent.
Material temperature controls viscosity, flow and working time. Components stored in an unheated trailer overnight will not mix or place the same way as conditioned material.
Very warm material can lose working time quickly. The data sheet gives a storage range and a conditioning range, and substrate temperature, relative humidity and dew point matter as well.
Some components are moisture sensitive. Open lids, mixing in the rain at a dock door and wet tools can all affect the reaction.
Adding water, solvent or extra liquid resin to make placement easier changes the formulation and is not acceptable unless the manufacturer's literature allows it. Accelerators, where offered, are separate products with their own instructions and temperature limits.
Mixed material has a limited working time. Batches mixed ahead of the placement crew, or left standing while a problem is solved elsewhere, get placed after they have started to set.
Those late batches can show trowel marks, poor leveling and weak joints where fresh material meets older material.
Most of these errors are preventable with clear written requirements. Specifiers should consider including the following:
Sample specification language for the mixing paragraph might read: "Components shall be mixed as complete kits using the mixer and procedure stated in the manufacturer's current application guide. Partial kits shall not be used. Field additions not listed in the manufacturer's literature shall not be permitted."
Submittals should include the product data sheet, application guide, safety data sheets, installer qualifications and a sample of the finished floor. The contractor should also describe the mixing setup, including station location, material conditioning and the number of mixers and workers supporting the planned placement rate.
Daily QC records are where mixing discipline becomes visible. A useful daily log records the following:
On site, an owner's representative can watch for complete kits being emptied and scraped, the correct mixer in use and a consistent procedure. After cure, soft spots, color streaks, pinholes and uneven texture should be recorded with photos and locations.
Tnemec Company offers several polyurethane modified concrete products for heavy-service floors:
Tnemec's application guide sets the mixing equipment, sequence and working time for Series N242, Series N244 and Series N243, and that guide should govern.
A urethane cement floor is only as good as the batch placed at each location. In our experience, requiring complete kits, the named equipment, conditioned materials and a documented daily procedure adds little to the specification and reduces the risk of removal and replacement later.
The time to control mixing is before the first kit is opened.
The following conditions are to be confirmed in the field with the applicable test before a system is finalized:
We are happy to help. Contact a High Performance Coating Consultant in your region to review your project conditions and specification.